食用胶通常是指溶解于水中,并在一定条件下能充分水化形成黏稠、滑腻或胶冻液的大分子物质,在加工食品中可以起到提供增稠、增黏、黏附力、凝胶形成能力、硬度、脆性、紧密度、稳定乳化、悬浊体等作用,使食品获得所需要的各种形状和硬、软、脆、黏、稠等各种口感,所以也常称作食品增稠剂、增黏剂、胶凝剂、稳定剂、悬浮剂、食品胶、胶质等。
作用机理:改变食品系统流变学的能力,即流动特性粘度和机械固体特性质地。研究证实,食物系统的质地或粘度的改变有助于改变其感官特性。一般来说,增稠剂在溶液中易形成网状结构或具有较多亲水基团的胶体,胶体是长链聚合物(多糖和蛋白质)的异质基团,因此可改善食品的粘度和质地。
注:△植物籽胶;△△植物树胶;△△△其他植物胶
01、各类胶体粘度和强度、析水的大概关系
一、单体胶(+盐)
可以凝胶的单体胶体基本粘度都不高,而胶体大部分都是多羟基高分子多糖(明胶是蛋白胶),因此分子量越高,粘度越高,强度一般也越高,而析水则比较复杂,要看具体的胶体体系而定,一般生产工艺和溶液离子强度影响较大(钾、钙、钠等)。
二、复合胶
复合胶体则更加复杂,胶体之间的比例,离子浓度一般是主要影响,一般都是呈2头低中间高抛物线曲线。
02、不同胶体在肉制品中作用的优缺点
食品中添加单一胶体效果并不明显且具有局限性,复配胶可以产生协同效应,改善胶体凝胶效果,提升胶体机械强度。相比于单一胶体,添加复配胶会使肉制品更加具有弹性和咀嚼性,并具有延长肉制品货架期等作用。
在肉制品中添加复配食用胶可以起到凝胶保水、保护蛋白质、稳定混合分散体系的作用,还可以作为被膜剂,覆盖于肉制品表面,提升肉制品品质。接下来我们汇总一些不同种类食用胶在起不同作用方面的优点和缺点。
表1 食用胶对肉中蛋白质保护作用
表2 食用胶对肉制品凝胶保水作用
表3 食用胶对肉制品乳化稳定作用
表4 食用胶对肉制品品质改善
表5 食用胶作为肉制品被膜剂保鲜
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